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Python

Readable, batteries-included, and the default language of AI.

Paradigm
Multi-paradigm, OOP, functional
Typing
Dynamic, strong, optional type hints
Memory
Reference counting + cycle GC
Runs
CPython bytecode interpreter
Concurrency
asyncio, threads (GIL), multiprocessing

Frameworks & ecosystem

The tools most Python projects are built on.

Full-stack web

Django

ORM, admin, auth and migrations included.

APIs

FastAPI

Async APIs with automatic OpenAPI docs from type hints.

Micro web

Flask

Minimal core with extensions.

Data

NumPy / pandas / Polars

Arrays and data frames.

Data access & validation

SQLAlchemy / Pydantic

ORM / SQL toolkit and type-driven validation.

Testing

pytest

The standard choice for Python testing.

Background jobs

Celery

Distributed task queue.

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